Methods for treating chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides methods of treating a mammal having chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), independent of both smoking status and asthma status, with a therapeutically effective amount of an anti-IgE moiety. In accordance with the invention, COPD patients with an elevated serum IgE level may benefit from the treatment methods disclosed. In certain instances, the methods of the disclosure have been found to be useful for the treatment of COPD patients regardless of their skin test results and/or in vitro reactivity to a perennial aeroallergen. Anti-IgE moieties, in accordance with the invention, include but are not limited to any IgG antibody that selectively binds to a given mammal immunoglobulin E (e.g., human immunoglobulin E) such as humanized anti-IgE, humanized murine monoclonal antibody, and/or Omalizumab.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of co-pending U.S. application Ser.No. 13/305,222 filed on Nov. 28, 2011, which is a continuation of U.S.application Ser. No. 11/917,572 filed on Jul. 18, 2008, now U.S. Pat.No. 8,080,249, which is a national stage entry of PCT Application No.PCT/US2006/025654, filed Jun. 30, 2006, which claims priority to U.S.Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/695,675, filed on Jun. 30,2005, entitled “Novel Uses for IgE Antibodies.” The content of each ofthe above applications is incorporated herein by reference in itsentirety as though fully set forth.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to methods for the treatment of chronicobstructive pulmonary disease in patients with a comorbid componentmediated by IgE antibody. More specifically, the present inventionencompasses therapeutic modalities, and more particularly, relates tomethods using known active entities for a novel indication.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (“COPD”) affects middle aged andelderly people, and is one of the leading causes of morbidity andmortality worldwide affecting as many as 14 million people in the UnitedStates. The World Health Organization predicts that by 2020 COPD willbecome the 5th most prevalent disease, and the 3rd most common cause ofdeath (see P. J. Barnes, New Engl. Journ. Med. 343:269-279 (2000)). COPDis associated with major healthcare costs, largely due to expensivetreatments such as long-term oxygen therapy and hospital admissions, aswell as indirect costs including loss of working capacity. Recentepidemiological data suggests that the prevalence of the disease isunderestimated.

COPD is characterized by a reduction in expiratory flow and slow forcedemptying of the lungs which does not change markedly over several months

Cigarette smoking (especially, long term cigarette smoking) is believedto be the leading cause of COPD (statistically, a smoker is 10 timesmore likely than a non-smoker to develop and die of COPD). Smokingcessation is the only measure that will slow the progression of COPD.Airflow obstruction in COPD is usually progressive in patients whocontinue to smoke eventually leading to disability and shortenedsurvival time. Smoking cessation has been shown to slow the rate ofdecline to that of a non-smoker but the damage caused by smoking isirreversible.

Other etiological factors (e.g., airway hyper responsiveness orhypersensitivity, air pollution (e.g., sulfur dioxide and possiblysecond hand smoke), occupational chemicals (e.g., cadmium) and generallyallergy) have been identified in the literature but are believed toaccount for only a minority of COPD cases. Other risk factors include:heredity, second-hand smoke, exposure to air pollution at work and inthe environment, and a history of childhood respiratory infections.

COPD often entails: chronic coughing, frequent chest tightness,shortness of breath, an increased effort to breathe, increased mucusproduction, and frequent clearing of the throat. COPD is characterizedby airflow obstruction caused by chronic bronchitis, emphysema, or both.Airway obstruction is incompletely reversible but some COPD patients doshow some improvement in airway obstruction with treatment. Airwayobstruction due to chronic and excessive secretion of abnormal airwaymucus, inflammation, bronchospasm, and infection are believed to causechronic bronchitis leading to chronic cough, mucus production or both.In emphysema instead, the elastin in the terminal bronchioles isdestroyed leading to the collapse of the airway walls and inability toexhale. Emphysema is characterized by the destruction of the alveoli andthe abnormal permanent enlargement of the air spaces distal to theterminal bronchioles, accompanied by destruction of their walls withoutapparent fibrosis (for a more detailed description see, Harrison'sPrinciples of Internal Medicine, 12^(th) Edition, Wilson, et al., eds.,McGraw-Hill, Inc.).

Asthma by contrast, often has an onset in infancy, childhood oradolescence, though sometimes it may become manifest in the adult. It isoften caused by exposure to an allergen, and is mediated by an immunesystem involving IgE. Patients typically present with acute shortness ofbreath, wheeze, cough, and congestion. Bronchial spasms of the airwayare typically reversible with treatment, although in some cases theremay be chronic bronchial obstruction due to thickening (remodeling) ofthe bronchial wall (for a more detailed description see, Harrison'sPrinciples of Internal Medicine, 12^(th) Edition, Wilson, et al., eds.,McGraw-Hill, Inc.).

COPD: Therapies Available

Presently available treatments are merely ameliorative. They includeavoidance of irritants such as tobacco smoke and breathing supplementaloxygen. In advanced cases of COPD, lung reduction surgery is sometimesperformed, but it is not clear that it helps. There is very littlecurrently available to arrest its progression and otherwise prevent itsexacerbations, preserve lung function, and otherwise improve the qualityof life of COPD patients. The arsenal of medications available topractitioners treating COPD patients have traditionally include:fast-acting, β2-agonists, anticholinergic bronchodilators, long-actingbronchodilators, antibiotics, and expectorants. Amongst the currentlyavailable treatments for COPD, short term benefits, but not long termeffects, were found on its progression, from administration ofanti-cholinergic drugs, adrenergic agonists, and oral steroids. Oralsteroids are only recommended for acute exacerbations with long term usecontributing to excess mortality and morbidity.

Short and long acting inhaled, adrenergic agonists are used to achievebronchodilation and provide some symptomatic relief in COPD patients.This class of drugs has been shown to have no maintenance effect on theprogression of the disease. Short acting adrenergic agonists improvesymptoms in subjects with COPD, such as increasing exercise capacity andproduce some degree of bronchodilation, and even an increase in lungfunction in some severe cases. The maximum effectiveness of the newerlong acting inhaled, adrenergic agonists was found to be comparable tothat of short acting, adrenergic agonists. Salmeterol was found toimprove symptoms and quality of life, although only producing modest orno change in lung function. Notably, β-agonists can producecardiovascular effects, such as altered pulse rate, blood pressure; andelectrocardiogram results. Treatment of asthmatic and COPD patients withthe bronchodilators ipratropium bromide or fenoterol was not superior totreatment on an as-needed basis, therefore indicating that they are notsuitable for maintenance treatment. The combination of a β adrenergicagonist with an anti-cholinergic drug provides little additionalbronchodilation compared with either drug alone. The addition ofipratropium to a standard dose of inhaled, β adrenergic agonists forabout 90 days, however, produces some improvement in stable COPDpatients over either drug alone. Overall, the occurrence of adverseeffects with β adrenergic agonists, such as tremor and dysrhythmias, ismore frequent than with anti-cholinergics. Thus, neitheranti-cholinergic drugs nor, β-adrenergic agonists have an effect on allpeople with COPD; nor do the two agents combined.

Antibiotics are also often given at the first sign of a respiratoryinfection to prevent further damage and infection in diseased lungs.Expectorants help loosen and expel mucus secretions to from the airways,and may help make breathing easier. In addition, other medications maybe prescribed to manage conditions associated with COPD. These mayinclude: diuretics (which are given as therapy to avoid excess waterretention associated with right-heart failure), digitalis (whichstrengthens the force of the heartbeat), and cough suppressants. Thislatter list of medications help alleviate symptoms associated with COPDbut do not treat COPD.

Thus, there is very little currently available to alleviate symptoms ofCOPD, prevent exacerbations, preserve optimal lung function, and improvedaily living activities and quality of life.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to the use of anti-IgE therapy for thetreatment of COPD. More specifically, it has been found that anti-IgEtherapy is useful for the treatment of patients with COPD, independentof both smoking status and asthma status. In addition, and as discussedhereinafter, anti-IgE modalities have been found useful for thetreatment of COPD in patients with elevated IgE serum levels regardlessof whether such patients have a positive skin test result or a positivein vitro reactivity test result.

The present invention provides methods of treating a mammal having COPDwith a therapeutically effective amount of an anti-IgE moiety. Anti-IgEmoieties contemplated include, but are not limited to any IgG antibodythat selectively binds to a given mammal immunoglobulin E (e.g., humanimmunoglobulin E). In particular humanized anti-IgE antibodies areconsidered useful. Accordingly, in certain embodiments (including thenon-limiting representative moieties exemplifying the advantages of theinvention hereinafter) the humanized IgG antibody that selectively bindsto human immunoglobulin E is a humanized murine monoclonal antibody.Specifically, anti-IgE moieties contemplated include Omalizumab.

COPD patients with an elevated serum IgE level may benefit from thetreatment methods according to the invention. In certain instances, themethods of the invention have been found to be useful for the treatmentof COPD patients regardless of their skin test results and/or in vitroreactivity to a perennial aeroallergen.

Other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will beset forth in the detailed description of the embodiments that follows,and in part will be apparent from the description or may be learned bypractice of the invention. These objects and advantages of the inventionwill be realized and attained by the moieties, compositions and methodsparticularly pointed out in the written description and claims hereof.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For a fuller understanding of the systems and processes of the presentinvention, reference is made to the following detailed description,which is to be taken with the accompanying drawings, wherein:

FIG. 1 is a graph showing representative clinical effects of treatmentaccording to the invention with an anti-IgE moiety: Omalizumab asresponse of exacerbation rates. FIG. 1 a: Exacerbation rate for each ofthe 17 patients in the baseline year and treatment years 1 and 2. FIG. 1b: Average exacerbation rate in 2 month intervals for the 17 treatedpatients during the baseline year (months −12 to 0) and treatment years(months 0 to 24). FIG. 1 c: Average exacerbation rate in the baselineyear and in years 1 and 2.

FIG. 2 are regression scatter diagrams of treatment response againstseveral independent characteristics; Decrease in exacerbationrate=exacerbation rate in the year prior to treatment minus the rate inthe first year of treatment for each patient. FIG. 2 a shows cigaretteexposure in pack years. Patients with secondary exposure alone wereassigned zero. FIG. 2 b shows the Total skin test score=sum ofindividual skin test reactions for each patient. FIG. 2 c. is a graphshowing the IgE (IU)=serum IgE level in IU in the patients tested.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The models of allergic asthma and cigarette-induced COPD form the basisfor understanding of the pathways of obstructive pulmonary disease. Ourfundamental understanding of these two disorders is that they representtwo distinct and very different diseases. The clinical differences interms of symptoms, age of onset, clinical presentation, and treatmenthave been discussed in the Background of the Invention Section (supra).At the cellular level, these disorders are characterized by verydifferent mechanisms. The IgE-mediated asthma typically involves whitecorpuscles that are eosinophils, and cellular mediators that includeinterleukin 4 and interleukin 5. By contrast, cigarette-induced COPDincludes white corpuscles that are neutrophils, and cellular mediatorsincluding interleukin 8 and tumor necrosis factor.

In clinical practice, many of the patients often share characteristicsof both disorders (the overlap syndrome) (see, Nonas S. A., The Resp.Rep. 1(1):11-17 (2005)). These shared characteristics include endogenousand exogenous factors that precipitate disease, cellular and cytokineprofiles in sputum and serum, and pathologic findings (see, Seatti M.,Stefano A., Maestrelli P., et al., Am J Respir Crit Care Med150:1646-1652 (1994); Fabbin L., Beghe B., Caramon G., et al., Thorax53:803-808 (1998); Sciurba F., Chest 126: 1175-1245 (2004)). The role ofimmunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated triggers is a case in point. They can bepresent in both asthmatic (Burrows B., Martinez F. D., Halonen M. N.Engl. J. Med. 320:271-277 (1989); Lapparre Therese S., Snoeck-StralandJiska, Gosman Margot M. E., et al. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.170:499-504 (2004) and COPD patients (Rohde G., Gevaert P., HoltappelsG., et al. Repir. Med. 98:858-64 (2004); Greenberger P. A., J. AllergyClin. Immunol. 110:685-92 (2002).). Such IgE-mediated triggers may besubtle (Daklami A., Park J-W, Tauke C., et al. Am. J. Respir. Crit. CareMed. 171:952-959 (2004)) or even undefined (Humbert M., Durkam J. R.,Ying S., et al. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 154:1947-1504 (1996)).

While Omalizumab has been established as an effective treatment of theasthmatic patient with an IgE-allergy mediated response, heretofore ithas not been suggested for the treatment of COPD. Because a considerablepercentage of COPD patients have a strong primary cigarette history andin many cases there is documented secondary exposure to cigarettesmoking, the present investigator evaluated the efficacy of Omalizumabfor the treatment of COPD patients with a serum IgE>30 IU (“elevatedIgE”) regardless of their smoking history and found that efficacy didnot appear to be dependant on the presence or severity of a precedingcigarette history.

As evidenced by the data in the examples provided herein, it has beenfound that (a) patients with a severe obstructive pulmonary disease whohave a qualifying elevated IgE level should not be excluded fromconsideration of anti-IgE therapy of the basis of their cigarettehistory alone; and (b) that the degree of skin rest reactivity does notappear to be a strong determinant of the response of anti-IgE treatmentas evidenced by the results obtained with Omalizumab treatment. Notably,it was also found that the level of circulating IgE was also not astrong indication of response to Omalizumab treatment. It is postulatedthat while IgE at the cellular, mast cell, level is a critical determentof the asthmatic response, this may not be reflected in the level ofcirculating IgE.

Accordingly, the present invention provides methods for treating COPD byadministering an effective amount of an anti-IgE moiety or a compositionor a pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one anti-IgE moietyto a cell, tissue, organ, mammal in need of such modulation, treatment,alleviation, prevention, or reduction in symptoms, effects ormechanisms. In certain embodiments, the method entails theadministration of a therapeutically effective amount of an anti-IgEmoiety. Any anti-IgE moiety effective for the treatment according to themethods described herein which are presently described in the art iscontemplated.

A moiety that inhibits the activity of IgE or an anti-IgE moiety/entityis one that contains at least one active entity capable of modulating(including reducing) IgE activity. IgE activity may be detected andpossibly quantitated by the circulating levels of IgE, but can also bemeasured by activities associated with IgE function, such as binding tobasophils, anaphylaxis, and binding to receptors such as Fc receptors.

Generally, entities that inhibit the activity of IgE may include, forexample, anti-IgE antibodies, IgE receptors, anti-IgE receptorantibodies, variants of IgE antibodies, ligands for the IgE receptors,and fragments thereof. Variant IgE antibodies may have amino acidsubstitutions or deletions at one or more amino acid residues.

In certain embodiments of the invention the moiety capable of inhibitingthe activity of IgE comprises an anti-IgE antibody. The anti IgEantibody may be a monoclonal antibody. The adjective “monoclonal”indicates the character of the antibody as being obtained from asubstantially homogeneous population of antibodies, and is not to beconstrued as requiring production of the antibody by any particularmethod. For example, the monoclonal antibodies to be used in accordancewith the present invention may be made by the hybridoma method firstdescribed by Kohler et al., Nature, 256:495 (1975), or may be made byrecombinant DNA methods (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,567). Theantibody may be a chimeric antibody. Monoclonal antibodies useful forthe methods of the invention may also be isolated from phage antibodylibraries using the techniques described in Clackson et al., Nature,352:624-628 (1991) and Marks et al., J. Mol. Biol., 222:581-597 (1991).The anti-IgE antibody may be a humanized murine antibody or a fullyhuman antibody. The modifier “humanized” is used to designate non-human(e.g., murine) antibodies which are chimeric antibodies includingimmunoglobulins, immunoglobulin chains or fragments thereof (such as Fv,Fab, Fab′, F(ab′), or other antigen-binding subsequences of antibodies)which have been engineered to comprise only limited sequence derivedfrom non-human immunoglobulin (i.e., have been engineered to favor humansequences). Considerable genetic modifications are routinely made inthis context to further refine and optimize a given antibodyperformance. Generally, a humanized antibody optimally also willcomprise at least a portion of an immunoglobulin constant region (Fc),typically that of a human immunoglobulin (see also, Jones et al.,Nature, 321:522-525 (1986); Reichmann et al., Nature, 332:323-329(1988); and Presta, Curr. Op. Struct. Biol., 2:593-596 (1992)).

A representative anti-IgE antibody contemplated within the invention isOmalizumab, also designated as RhuMAb-E25 or E25. Another preferredanti-IgE antibody is designated in the literature as E26 (see infra).Various known anti-IgE antibodies are described in the prior art, and ingreater detail in International applications WO 93/04173 and WO99/01556. In particular WO 99/01556 specifically describes Omalizumab,also named E25, in FIG. 12, and in the sequences ID-No. 13-14. Antibodymolecules comprising a E26 sequence are described in WO 99/01556 and areconsidered within the scope of suitable anti-IgE moieties as designatedherein. The present invention also contemplates anti-IgE antibodies thatbind soluble IgE but not IgE on the surface of B cells or basophils (seee.g., those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,449,760). Generally allantibodies binding to soluble IgE and inhibiting IgE activity by avariety of possible mechanisms are contemplated (e.g., by blocking theIgE receptor binding site, by blocking the antigen binding site and/orby simply sequestering IgE from circulation). Examples of anti-IgEantibodies and IgE-binding fragments derived from the anti-IgEantibodies which may be used according to the invention are described inU.S. Pat. No. 5,656,273 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,543,144.

Recombinant humanized anti-IgE monoclonal antibodies which have beenextensively investigated include rhuMAb-E25 (Omalizumab, discussed inthe previous paragraph) and CGP 56901 which block the binding of IgE toits high affinity receptor, thereby preventing the release of mediators(Fahy J. V. Clin Exp Allergy 30:16-21(2000)). In several clinicaltrials, rhuMAb-E25 dramatically reduced serum levels of free IgE,attenuated both early and late phase responses to inhaled allergen, andsignificantly reduced asthma symptoms (see e.g., Milgram H., Fick R., SuJ. Q., et al. N. Engl. J. Med. 341:1966-1973 (1999); Saker M., Matz J.,Buhl R, et al. Eur. Resp. J. 18: 254-261 (2001); Busse W., Carren J.,Lanier B. Q., et al. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 108-190 (2001); HolgateS., Bousqet J., Wenzel S., et al. Current Medical Research and Opinions17:233-240 (2001); and Bousqet J., Wensel S., Holgate S. Chest125:1378-1386 (2004)).

RhuMAb-E25 a.k.a. Omalizumab (commercialized under the mark XOLAIR®) isa recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody that blocks thehigh-affinity Fc receptor of immunoglobulin E (IgE). Omalizumab bindsfree serum IgE and surface IgE on B cell without binding to IgE on highor low affinity receptors present on effector cells thus, blocking therelease of mediators of inflammation by inhibiting the association ofIgE with mast cells and basophils. Clinical studies suggest thatOmalizumab induces a rapid and sustained decrease in circulating IgE,and down-regulates the expression of the IgE binding domain receptor(FcεRI) leading to a reduced release of inflammatory mediators. The linkbetween serum IgE levels and a positive skin test has led to thedevelopment of Omalizumab as a treatment of choice in many cases ofasthma. Presently, Omalizumab is used to treat patients withmoderate-persistent to severe-persistent asthma; patients must be olderthan 12 years, have a positive skin test to a perennial aeroallergen(e.g., dust mites, cats, dogs, and mold), and be symptomatic withinhaled corticosteroids. However, because the link between COPD andserum IgE levels remains poorly understood and attempts to use anti-IgEtherapeutics for the treatment of COPD have not been pursued. Inparticular, attempts to treat COPD patients who are also skin testnegative have not been pursued in the field.

The present invention relates to the unanticipated finding thatindividuals diagnosed with COPD surprisingly respond to treatment withOmalizumab. Even more surprisingly, it has been found that COPD patientswho are also skin test negative and or have a negative result on thebasis on in vitro testing for allergens and for whom Omalizumab wouldtherefore not be indicated requiring either a positive skin test and ora positive in vitro reactivity test) respond to such treatment.

The terms “treatment” or “treat” or any permutation of the same as usedherein include alleviation of one or more symptoms of the disorder,diminishment of the extent of the disorder, stabilization of thedisorder, delay or slowing of disorder progression, amelioration orpalliation of the disorder, and partial or total remission. Treatmentalso includes prolonging survival as compared to expected survival ifnot receiving treatment. The methods of the invention are particularlyappropriate for the prevention of events traditionally associated withCOPD, or for treating a pre-existing condition, including for exampledecreasing outpatient exacerbations and hospitalizations, decreasinginhalant use, decreasing sputum production, or of dyspnea. Notably, themethods of the invention are useful to reduce the and the frequency ofacute steroid treatment and the average steroid dose used for COPDpatients. The latter includes foremost COPD patients that have becomesteroid dependent (Omalizumab treated patients reduced steroid use by50%, data not shown). Remarkably, the present methods have also beenfound to reduce the frequency of antibiotic treatment traditionally usedfor the management of COPD

The term “therapeutically effective amount” is used to denote treatmentsat dosages effective to achieve the therapeutic result sought.Furthermore, one of skill will appreciate that the therapeuticallyeffective amount of the compound of the invention may be lowered orincreased by fine tuning and/or by administering more than one anti-IgEmoiety according to the invention, or by administering a moiety of theinvention with another COPD therapeutic moiety known in the art.

Generally, the “therapeutic amount” of a substance or compositiondepends upon the context in which it is being applied. In the context ofadministering a composition that inhibits IgE activity, a therapeuticamount is an amount sufficient to achieve any such inhibition. One ofskill in the art will appreciate that inhibition need not be complete.

Further, as would be readily understood by one skilled in the art, theactive ingredients described in any of the embodiments herein may becombined into a single composition for simultaneous administration ofone or more of the active ingredients. Similarly, anti-IgE moietiesaccording to the invention may be administrated in conjunction withother therapeutic modalities such as those traditionally used for thetreatment of COPD (e.g., bronchodilators such as for example formoterolor salmeterol, antibiotics, oxygen therapy, corticosteroids, mediatorantagonists, protease inhibitors, and various anti-inflammatory) (forexample, see P. J. Barnes, New Engl. Journ. Med. 343:269-279 (2000) andSutherland, E. R., Cherniack, R. M. New Engl. J. Med. 350:2689-2697(2004); and Sutherland, E. R., Allmers, H., Ayas, N. T., Venn, A. J.,Martin, R. J. Thorax 58:937-941 (2003)). For example, in addition to theregular, periodic administration of Omalizumab, management of patientsmay include the use of antibiotics and/or steroids during acuteexacerbation, as well as expectorants, mucolytics, inhalationtreatments, leukotriene modifiers, and amonophylics preparations, whenindicated. In certain instances, the therapeutic methods of theinvention may be further augmented by careful consideration andevaluation of risk factors in the home and workplace.

The invention therefore provides in certain aspects methods to tailorthe administration/treatment to the particular exigencies specific to agiven mammal. As illustrated in the following examples, therapeuticallyeffective amounts may be easily determined for example empirically bystarting at relatively low amounts and by step-wise increments withconcurrent evaluation of beneficial effect. Moreover, it will beappreciated that the amount of a moiety of the invention required foruse in treatment will vary with the nature of the condition beingtreated and the age and the condition of the patient and will beultimately at the discretion of the attendant physician or veterinarian.In general, however, doses employed for human treatment will typicallybe as described for Omalizumab (see specifics of dosage andadministration for XOLAIR® (Omalizumab) athttp://www.gene.com/gene/products/information/immunological/xolair/insert.jsp).The desired dose may conveniently be presented in a single dose or asdivided doses administered at appropriate intervals, for example as two,three, four or more sub-doses per day. It will be appreciated by thoseof skill in the art that the number of administrations of the anti-IgEmoieties according to the invention will vary from patient to patientbased on the particular medical status of that patient at any given timeincluding other clinical factors such as age, weight and condition ofthe mammal and the route of administration chosen.

The effective dosage for Omalizumab for the treatment of asthma has beenfound to be from 150 to 375 mg administered SC every 2 or 4 weeks. Doses(mg) and dosing frequency are determined by serum total IgE level(IU/mL), measured before the start of treatment, and body weight (kg).In certain instances, it has been observed that the therapeuticallyeffective time window for the administration of Omalizumab in COPD maybe extended beyond the four weeks recommended for Omalizumab for thetreatment of asthma. In certain instances COPD patients have been foundto respond to Omalizumab administrations spaced as many as six weeksapart. Similarly, it has been found that the therapeutically effectivedosage of Omlizumab for the treatment of COPD may be reduced by half ascompared to the dosage recommended for the treatment of asthma. For fivepatients who were stabilized on the recommended dosage schedule, thefrequency of treatments could be reduced. Three patients on a 4 weekschedule were decreased to a 6 week schedule, and 2 patients on a 2 weekschedule were decreased to a 4 week schedule. These 5 patients haveremained stable on these reduced treatment schedules.

As used herein, “therapeutically effective time window” means the timeinterval wherein administration of the compounds of the invention to thesubject in need thereof reduces or eliminates the deleterious effects orsymptoms.

The methods of the present invention are intended for use with anymammal that may experience the benefits of the methods of the invention.Foremost among such mammals are humans, although the invention is notintended to be so limited, and is applicable to veterinary uses. Thus,in accordance with the invention, “mammals” or “mammal in need” includehumans as well as non-human mammals, particularly domesticated animalsincluding, without limitation, cats, dogs, and horses. In certaininstances the invention is described in reference to subjects orpatients. Such terms are used interchangeably and designate any mammalthat may experience the benefits of the methods of the invention.

The patents, published applications, and scientific literature referredto herein establish the knowledge of those with skill in the art and arehereby incorporated by reference in their entirety to the same extent asif each was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporatedby reference. Any conflict between any reference cited herein and thespecific teachings of this specification shall be resolved in favor ofthe latter. Likewise, any conflict between an art-understood definitionof a word or phrase and a definition of the word or phrase asspecifically taught in this specification shall be resolved in favor ofthe latter.

Technical and scientific terms used herein have the meaning commonlyunderstood by one of skill in the art to which the present inventionpertains, unless otherwise defined. Reference is made herein to variousmethodologies and materials known to those of skill in the art.

Standard reference works setting forth the general principles ofpharmacology include Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis ofTherapeutics, 10 Ed., McGraw Hill Companies Inc., New York (2001).Standard references setting forth general principles of internalmedicine include Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 12^(th)Edition, Wilson, et al., eds., McGraw-Hill, Inc.

As used in this specification, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the”specifically also encompass the plural forms of the terms to which theyrefer, unless the content dearly dictates otherwise.

As used herein, unless specifically indicated otherwise, the word “or”is used in the “inclusive” sense of “and/or” and not the “exclusive”sense of “either/or.”

The term “about” is used herein to mean approximately, in the region of,roughly, or around. When the term “about” is used in conjunction with anumerical range, it modifies that range by extending the boundariesabove and below the numerical values set forth. In general, the term“about” is used herein to modify a numerical value above and below thestated value by a variance of 20%.

As used in this specification, whether in a transitional phrase or inthe body of the claim, the terms “comprise(s)” and “comprising” are tobe interpreted as having an open-ended meaning. That is, the terms areto be interpreted synonymously with the phrases “having at least” or“including at least”. When used in the context of a process or method,the term “comprising” means that the process/method includes at leastthe recited steps, but may include additional steps.

Any suitable materials and/or methods known to those of skill can beutilized in carrying out the present invention. However, preferredmaterials and methods are described. Materials, reagents and the like towhich reference is made in the following description and examples areobtainable from commercial sources, unless otherwise noted.

The moieties useful according to the methods of the invention areoptionally formulated in a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle with anyof the well known pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, includingdiluents and excipients (see Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences,18^(th) Ed., Gennaro, Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa. 1990 andRemington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, Lippincott, Williams &Wilkins, 1995). While the type of pharmaceutically acceptablecarrier/vehicle employed in generating the compositions of the inventionwill vary depending upon the mode of administration of the compositionto a mammal, generally pharmaceutically acceptable carriers arephysiologically inert and non-toxic. Formulations of moieties accordingto the invention may contain more than one type of compound of theinvention), as well any other pharmacologically active ingredient usefulfor the treatment of the symptom/condition being treated.

Reference is made hereinafter in detail to specific embodiments of theinvention. While the invention will be described in conjunction withthese specific embodiments, it will be understood that it is notintended to limit the invention to such specific embodiments. On thecontrary, it is intended to cover alternatives, modifications, andequivalents as may be included within the spirit and scope of theinvention as defined by the appended claims. In the followingdescription, numerous specific details are set forth in order to providea thorough understanding of the present invention. The present inventionmay be practiced without some or all of these specific details. In otherinstances, well known process operations have not been described indetail, in order not to unnecessarily obscure the present invention.

The following examples are intended to further illustrate certainpreferred embodiments of the invention and are not limiting in nature.Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain, usingno more than routine experimentation, numerous equivalents to thespecific substances and procedures described herein.

Example I Selection Criteria for Inclusion in the Evaluation Study

Testing of the usefulness of anti-IgE for the treatment of COPD wascarried on 143 patients with symptoms requiring ongoing management. Foreach patient, age, sex, smoking history, and family history (1^(st)degree relatives) of allergic or obstructive disease were recorded.Serum IgE was measured in International Units (IU). Serum eosinophillevels were measured in most cases. Atopy was evaluated with skin testreactivity to a panel of 24 relevant inhalant antigens according toguidelines of the American Academy of Allergy, and was scored on aseverity scale of 0 to 3 (3=prick test reactivity with wheal>2 mm;2=prick test reactivity with wheal<2 mm; 1=negative prick testreactivity with intradermal reactivity only; 0=no reactivity). Theindividual skin test scores were added to obtain a total skin testscore. Pulmonary function tests (PFT) were performed on a Collins G.S.Spirometer according to American Thoracic Society guidelines;reversibility was defined as an increase of 20% or greater in the forcedexpiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) after bronchodilatortreatment.

A Registered Nurse administered Omalizumab by subcutaneous injection ina clinic held every 2 weeks. The dose, in milligrams, and its frequentlyof administration were given according to the recommendations for XOLAIR(see package labeling provided by Genentech Corporation, South SanFrancisco, Calif.). An interim history and focused physical exam wereperformed at each clinical visit. The baseline period was the 12-monthperiod before the first Omalizumab injection. The treatment period begantwo months after the initial injection.

Patients were selected for Omalizumab treatment on the basis of severityof disease as manifested by one or more exacerbations in the baselineyear requiring hospitalization, emergency room visit, or office visit;and also a COPD severity score of >11 (see Eisner M., Trupin L., Katz P.Chest 2005; 127:1890-1897).

The primary end point of the study was a reduction in the number ofacute exacerbations resulting in hospitalizations or in outpatientvisits. Each patient served as his/her own control. Exacerbations werebinned in 2 month intervals. The average exacerbation rate for each 2month interval was computed by dividing the total number ofexacerbations in that interval by the number of patients evaluated inthat 2 month time interval. The exacerbation rates for each patient inthe baseline period and in the first year of treatment were analyzed byWilcoxon signed-ranked test. The average exacerbation rates for thegroup as a whole in the baseline year and in the first and secondtreatment years were analyzed by Student t-tests. Statistical analysiswas performed with the STATA package (STATA Corp, College Station, Tex.,USA). Correlation analyses were performed both with the correlationcoefficient r, and with linear regression analysis and associated pvalue.

Example II Evaluation Study Patients Demographics

The demographics of the 143 patients evaluated are presented in Table 1.

TABLE 1 Patients with symptoms requiring ongoing management (Group 1-4)from which 17 patients were selected to receive Omalizumab. 1 2 3 4IgE >30 IU IgE <30 IU Patient Groups Non- Non- N = 143 Smoker smokerSmoker Smoker Number 68 20 39 16 Age range 30-80 (65)   17-85 (53) 35-83 (65) 39-84 (73) (median) Female 21 12 27 13 Family history 45 1725 5 of obstructive disease IgE (IU) 32-1618 (110) 31-858 (140) 0-22 (7) 0-25 (6) (median) Positive skin 41/49 18/20* 6/12 4/10 testsEosinophilia 27/62 12/19  7/34 4/15 (>300) Reversibility 11 5 4 0 (>15%)Baseline >80 16 12 5 7 FEV1 (%) 50-80 39 6 16 9 predicted) <50 13 2 18 0*One additional patient in this group who was not skin tested hadpositive RAST panel.

There were 110 patients (72%) with a primary cigarette history (Groups1+3), indicating a large proportion of patients with a cigarette historyin this practice.

There were 88 patients (62%) with an IgE>30 IU (Groups 1+2), indicatinga large proportion of patients with a measurable IgE level. Of thesepatients, 68 (77%) had a primary cigarette history exposure (Group 1). Afamily history of obstructive disease was present in 62 patients (70%).Sixty-nine patients underwent allergy testing. In 59 patients skin testswere positive, and in 1 further patient a regional allergy serum test(RAST) was positive, giving a total of 60 positive allergy studies (87%of those evaluated); 9 patients (13%) of the 69 allergy tested patientswere non-responders. An elevated peripheral eosinophil count was presentin 39 of 81 patients evaluated (48%).

Example III Evaluation Study Omalizumab Treatment Group

Of the 88 patients in with an IgE>30 IU, 17 were entered into the study(Table 2) on the basis of disease severity in the one year baselineperiod prior to treatment—16 patients had experienced a total of 60acute exacerbations that resulted in 20 hospitalizations and 40outpatient emergency room/doctor visits, while 1 patient was O₂ andsteroid dependant with 3 prior intubations (four patients, overall, wereO₂ dependant). They had severe obstructive disease—8 patients had anFEV1 of less than 50% predicted. There was minimal reversibility—5patients of the 16 had reversibility>15%. The COPD severity score rangedfrom 11 to 28. Eight patients had positive skin tests to both indoor andoutdoor allergens, 6 patients were positive to indoor allergens alone,and 2 patients were negative to skin testing as well as to RAST testing(Table 3).

TABLE 3 Skin test reactivity to inhaled allergens NUMBER OF PATIENTSAVERAGE INHALED TESTING REACTIVITY ALLERGEN POSITIVE SCORE Dust mites 142.1 Cat dander 9 2.8 Grasses 7 2.9 Molds 5 1.6 Dog dander 2 2.5 Treepollen 2 2.5 Cockroach 1 3.0

Thirteen patients had a heavy cigarette smoking history, in most casesof several decades duration; 4 patients had only a secondary cigaretteexposure. All 17 patients were on inhaled or oral steroids, 13 were on aleukotriene receptor antagonist, 12 were on a long acting beta agonist,4 were on oral theophylline. (Patients not on a leukotriene receptorantagonist or long-acting beta agonist had not responded to thesetherapies previously.)

Of the 71 patients with an IgE>30 IU not treated with Omalizumab, 59patients had relatively mild disease with no hospitalizations in theprevious year and COPD severity scores<10. There were 12 patients withsevere disease who were not treated —3 had IgE levels>1000 IU, 3 hadother comorbid severe illnesses, 2 moved out of the area, and 4 deferredtreatment.

Example IV Evaluation Study Findings

As of May 1, 2006, 9 patients are in their third year of Omalizumabtreatment, 6 patients are in their second year of Omalizumab treatment,and 2 patients have completed 10 months of treatment. Twelve patients ofthe 17 showed a decrease in exacerbation rates from baseline year to thefirst treatment year, 3 patients had no change, and 2 patients had anincreased rate, (p<0.01 by Wilcoxon signed-rank test, Table 4, FIG. 1a).

TABLE 4 Response to Omalizumab treatment Change in exacerbations frombaseline year to first year of treatment Number of patients Decreasedexacerbations 12 No change 3 Increased exacerbations 2 p <.01 Wilcoxonsigned rank test Average exacerbations per patient per 2-month interval(Mean + standard deviation) Comparison with baseline year Baseline year.61 + .16 Treatment year 1 .25 + .02 p <.01 Treatment year 2 .26 + .15 P<.01 p <.01 Student t-test

The average exacerbation rates (in each 2 month interval) declinedconsistently between the baseline year and the treatment years (FIG. 1b). The overall average exacerbation rate for the 17 patients as a wholedeclined from 0.61+0.15 in the baseline year to 0.25+0.02 in the firstyear of treatment, and 0.26+0.15 in the second year after treatment(p<0.01 by paired Student t-test, Table 4, FIG. 1 c).

The response rate to Omalizumab treatment was analyzed in terms ofseveral constituent variables. Statistical analysis included correlationcoefficients, linear regression analysis, and graphical regression fits.

Cigarettes:

There was no correlation between the number of pack years of cigaretteuse and the response rate of exacerbations to Omalizumab treatment(Table 6, r=0.04, p=0.7). The regression line fit was essentially flat,with a wide scatter outside the 95% confidence interval (FIG. 2 a).Patients with a heavy cigarette exposure were as likely to respond toOmalizumab as patients with a modest primary exposure or secondaryexposure.

IgE:

While the presence of an IgE-mediated allergic response at the tissuelevel is the sine qua non for anti-IgE therapy, the level of circulatingIgE was not a predictor of the degree of response (r=0.25, p=0.3, Table5, FIG. 2 b).

TABLE 5 Correlation analysis and regression analysis of response ratechange (Deltaexac) with patient characteristics r correlation Deltaexac= a*x + b Variable (x) coefficient a b p Cigarette use (pack years) −.04−.001 −.264 .7 IgE (IU) +.25 .0006 −.400 .3 Total score of skin test+.01 +.001 −.322 .9 Reactivities FEV1 (% predicted) +.11 −.002 −.201 .7% Change in FEV1 post- −.19 .009 −.394 .4 bronchodilator

Skin Test Reactivity:

For each of the 17 patients, the total sum of their individual skin testscores was added, and then regressed to the response with Omalizumabtreatment. The correlation coefficient (r=0.01), the regression fit(p=0.9), and the regression scatter diagram all suggest an absence of astrong correlation (Table 5, FIG. 2 c). Patients who were skin-testnegative or weakly positive (skin test scores<2) had response rates toOmalizumab similar to those patients who were more strongly skin testpositive.

FEV1:

While a reversible FEV1 is often characteristic of the allergicasthmatic, most of the patients in our population had severe fixedairway disease—only 5 demonstrated reversibility>15%, and 9 had anFEV1<50% predicted. The goal of Omalizumab treatment in this patientgroup would not, therefore, be an improvement in resting FEV1 in a quietPFT lab setting, but a prevention of subsequent IgE-mediatedexacerbations as measured by hospital or outpatient visits. The responserate to Omalizumab was regressed against FEV1% and also against thedegree of reversibility of FEV1% with bronchodilator treatment. Neitherof these correlations was significant (Table 5).

1. A method of treating a mammal having COPD comprising administering tothe mammal a therapeutically effective amount of a compositioncomprising an anti-immunoglobulin E (IgE) moiety; wherein the anti-IgEmoiety reduces or blocks the binding of soluble IgE to its receptors,wherein the administration results in an outcome comprising a reductionin the number of acute exacerbations experienced by the mammal, andwherein the composition is free of steroids.
 2. The method according toclaim 1, wherein the anti-IgE moiety is a humanized IgG antibody thatselectively binds to human IgE.
 3. The method according to claim 2,wherein the humanized IgG antibody that selectively binds to human IgEis a monoclonal antibody.
 4. The method according to claim 1, whereinthe anti-IgE moiety is Omalizumab.
 5. The method according to claim 1,wherein the mammal has an elevated serum IgE level.
 6. The methodaccording to claim 1, wherein the mammal has a negative skin test. 7.The method according to claim 1, wherein the mammal has a negative invitro reactivity to a perennial aero allergen.